|
A developing country, also called a less developed country or underdeveloped country, is a nation with an underdeveloped industrial base, and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. On the other hand, since the late 1990s developing countries tended to demonstrate higher growth rates than the developed ones.〔Korotayev A., Zinkina J. (On the structure of the present-day convergence. ''Campus-Wide Information Systems''. Vol. 31 No. 2/3, 2014, pp. 139-152 )〕 There is no universal, agreed-upon criterion for what makes a country developing versus developed and which countries fit these two categories,〔 although there are general reference points such as a nation's GDP per capita compared to other nations. Also, the general term ''less-developed country'' should not be confused with the specific least developed country. There is criticism of the use of the term ''developing country''. The term implies inferiority of a ''developing country'' or ''undeveloped country'' compared to a ''developed country'', which many countries dislike. It assumes a desire to develop along the traditional Western model of economic development which a few countries, such as Cuba and Bhutan, choose not to follow.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Bhutanese development story )〕 An alternative measurement that has been suggested is that of gross national happiness, measuring the actual satisfaction of people as opposed to how industrialised a country is. Countries with more advanced economies but lower GDP per capita than other developing nations are often categorized under the term ''newly industrialized countries''. According to authors such as Walt Whitman Rostow, Third World countries are in transition from traditional lifestyles towards the modern lifestyle which began in the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries. ==Definition== Various terms are used for whatever is not a developed country. Terms used include less developed country (LDC) or less economically developed country (LEDC), and for the more extreme, least developed country (LDC) or least economically developed country (LEDC). Criteria for what is not a developed country can be obtained by inverting the factors that define a developed country: * people have lower life expectancy * people have less education * people have less money (income) Kofi Annan, former Secretary General of the United Nations, defined a developed country as "one that allows all its citizens to enjoy a free and healthy life in a safe environment."〔(G_05_00 ) http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Developing_country&action=edit§ion=1#〕 But according to the United Nations Statistics Division, :There is no established convention for the designation of "developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United Nations system. : The designations "developed" and "developing" are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49) )〕 The UN also notes, : In common practice, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in northern America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania and western Europe are considered "developed" regions or areas. In international trade statistics, the Southern African Customs Union is also treated as a developed region and Israel as a developed country; countries emerging from the former Yugoslavia are treated as developing countries; and countries of Central Europe and of the Commonwealth of Independent States (code 172) in Europe are not included under either developed or developing regions.〔 On the other hand, according to the classification from International Monetary Fund (IMF) before April 2004, all countries of Central and Eastern Europe (including Central European countries that still belongs to the "Eastern Europe Group" in the UN institutions) as well as the former Soviet Union (USSR) countries in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan) and Mongolia, were not included under either developed or developing regions, but rather were referred to as "countries in transition"; however they are now widely regarded (in the international reports) as "developing countries". The IMF uses a flexible classification system that considers "(1) per capita income level, (2) export diversification—so oil exporters that have high per capita GDP would not make the advanced classification because around 70% of its exports are oil, and (3) degree of integration into the global financial system."〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Q. How does the WEO categorize advanced versus emerging and developing economies? )〕 The World Bank classifies countries into four income groups. These are set each year on July 1. Economies were divided according to 2011 GNI per capita using the following ranges of income:〔 * Low income countries had GNI per capita of US$1,026 or less. * Lower middle income countries had GNI per capita between US$1,026 and US$4,036. * Upper middle income countries had GNI per capita between US$4,036 and US$12,476. * High income countries had GNI per capita above US$12,476. The World Bank classifies all low- and middle-income countries as developing but notes, "The use of the term is convenient; it is not intended to imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have reached a preferred or final stage of development. Classification by income does not necessarily reflect development status."〔(【引用サイトリンク】 How we Classify Countries )〕 Along with the current level of development, countries may be classified by how much this has changed over some amount of time. This may be by absolute numbers or country ranking. * countries that were more less-developed, and are less less-developed (also developing country) * countries that were less-developed, and are about the same (developing country) * countries that were less less-developed, and are more less-developed (developing country) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Developing country」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|